Introduction Before initiation of any construction activity and project it is required to know the probable cost of construction, this is known as estimated cost. Various measures are adopted to keep the cost of work below the estimated cost like by changing the specification, work reduction, doing value engineering etc. This further proves the need …

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What is concrete? Concrete is one of the modern-day construction materials which is of pivotal importance in construction projects. It is composed of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates along with water and air. In a construction project, concrete is used for the casting of various building elements like pile, raft, footings, columns, beams, slabs …

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The finishing of mortar joints in stone or brick masonry is referred to in the building industry as “pointing.” The seams close to the faces of walls are left rough throughout the building of masonry work, whether it be made of brick or stone. This is performed as a special treatment at a later stage …

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Introduction: For someone to plan a building, one needs to set a program and organize a process for the same which consists of all stages of design, the construction period and up to the completion of the construction works. As a result, one is going to achieve through this process an architecture, complete building which might …

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Shuttering also called as Forms or moulds are the set of receptacles in which concrete is poured, so that it will have desired shape and outline when set on the construction site. Once adequate strength is developed by concrete it supports its own weight post which the shuttering can be taken out. Pre-requisites of a …

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